Everything You Wanted To Know About Money — And More

This post is to introduce a tutorial which is posted up top as Monetary_System. It describes the workings of the our modern fiat monetary system, which differs significantly from the gold standard upon which classical economics theory was based. Many economics textbooks have not caught up with this.  For instance,  the widely-taught money multiplier model of fractional reserve banking no longer applies.  This article points out some counter-intuitive aspects of today’s financial system: banks can make loans without having any prior deposits, ongoing government deficit spending is typically prudent and necessary, and an increase in net savings in the private sector cannot be produced by individuals trying to save.

The article starts off discussing money in general, and then describes the interactions of the U.S.  treasury and central bank. Although it gets into the operational details of bonds, loans, and investments, it does not presuppose a background in economics, and defines most specialized words as they appear.  The casual reader will probably find the first third of the article easy going. After that, it depends on how thirsty you are for knowledge. The article is probably too long to read at one sitting.

The contents are:

What is Money?

Measurements of Money Supply

Clashing Schools of Economics

Monetary Realism: Economics Without Politics

Basic Operations of Fiat Monetary Systems

Money Creation in the Private Sector

Sectoral Balances: Private, Government, and Foreign Surpluses and Deficits Must Net to Zero

Historical U.S. Sectoral Balances

Trade Deficit and Government Deficit

Financial Assets and Real Wealth

Accounting for Investment and Savings

Federal Government Borrowing Operations

Is Quantitative Easing “Printing Money”?

Can the Government Print Money?

Should the Government Print Money?

Is the National Debt Really a Problem?

Fiscal Policy Choices: Short versus Long Term Effects

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My Brief Career As a Healing Missionary

I was part of a team of 25 laymen who accompanied Randy Clark on a 10-day tour of two cities in Germany. Randy is an evangelist with an emphasis on prayer for healing. See here for an article with link to YouTube video showing Randy praying for a nearly-deaf boy in Brazil who then becomes able to hear.  For the morning/afternoon/evening meetings on this tour, typically Randy or his associate Tom Jones would preach a message for an hour or so, pray for the people from the platform, and then we, the team, would line up across the front and offer to pray for anyone who wanted to come up to us.

I posted  (  Germany_Mission  )   a longish first-hand impression of my experiences on this trip. I did not see any particular spectacular miracle like a new limb sprouting. However, over the whole trip a total of something like two hundred people (my rough estimate) reported near-total relief of whatever pains or disabilities they were having. Whatever the organic basis of their maladies, for those folks this was significant healing. I do not have a satisfying understanding regarding what gets healed and what doesn’t.

A bonus for our trip was touring the impressive old (built 1030-1061 A.D.) romanesque basilica in Speyer. This was about 200 years before they figured out how to do the light, airy gothic architecture. It is mind-blowing to think each stone block here was shaped and positioned by hand.

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“Unconformities” Showed Geologists By 1800 That The Earth Was Very Old

If we had to choose one iconic location for the birth of modern geology, it would probably be here:

Siccar Point, Scotland    (Photo: Wikipedia "Hutton's Unconformity")

Siccar Point, Scotland (Photo: Wikipedia “Hutton’s Unconformity”)

This is a photograph of Siccar Point, on the Scottish coast. It shows the interface between steeply tilted (essentially vertical) layers of “greywacke” rock, topped by nearly horizontal layers of conglomerate and the distinctive Old Red Sandstone.

This is an example of an “angular unconformity”, where one set of rock layers was deposited at a different angle from the underlying layers. A generic sketch of an angular unconformity is shown below:

Angular Unconformity

Scottish geologist James Hutton first observed this greywacke/sandstone formation exposed in a river valley in Jedburgh in 1787. This interface has become known as “Hutton’s Unconformity”.   He had found similar formations earlier, and spent years working out the implications. He realized that this sort of formation required the following sequence of events:

(1) Thousands of feet of sediment accumulated underwater to form what we now see as the greywacke. Even more sediment was laid down on top of that, to compress and cook it to form solid rock layers. Sediments typically derive from the weathering of pre-existing rocks on land, so it would take many  years to produce all the sediments we see in the rock layers around us.

(2) This whole assembly was tilted and raised above sea level.

(3) Hundreds of feet (meters) of solid rock were eroded away to form the top surface of the greywacke that we now see as the unconformity.

(4) The greywacke then sank below the waters, and many more feet of sediment were deposited, starting with the conglomerate and the Old Red Sandstone, then more layers on top to lithify them.

(5) Finally, this formation was again lifted above sea level, and many feet of the overlying rock were eroded away to form the present land surface in that area of Scotland.

All of these events cannot be fitted into a one-year Flood, or any reasonable reconstruction of a 6000-year-old earth.

In 1788, Hutton took mathematician John Playfair and geologist James Hall on a boat trip along the Scottish coast to look for rock formations that might illuminate the geologic past. At Siccar Point they found “a beautiful picture of this junction washed bare by the sea”, which helped convince his companions that Hutton’s theories were correct. These men who had grown up thinking that the earth was only a few thousand years old were overwhelmed by the implications of what they were seeing. Playfair would later write:

On us who saw these phenomenon for the first time the impression will not easily be forgotten…We felt necessarily carried back to a time when the schistus on which we stood was yet at the bottom of the sea, and when the sandstone before us was only beginning to be deposited, in the shape of sand or mud, from the waters of the supercontinent ocean… The mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far back into the abyss of time; and whilst we listened with earnestness and admiration to the philosopher who was now unfolding to us the order and series of these wonderful events, we became sensible how much further reason may sometimes go than imagination may venture to follow.

Another type of unconformity occurs where there is an erosional surface between two substantially horizontal layers of rock. This is called a disconformity:

Disconformity Sketch

Sometimes pebbles or chunks of the lower layer (here, Layer C) are found embedded in the subsequent deposit (e.g. Layer D). This demonstrates that the lower layer had hardened into solid rock and been eroded prior to deposition of the upper layer. Thus, such a location must have gone through the same cycles of deposition/ lithification/ uplift/ erosion/ subsidence/ deposition/ lithification/ uplift/erosion as with an angular conformity.

In places, two or more unconformities are found among successive layers, making it extra clear that these layers were not laid down in a single, brief Flood. For instance, in the Grand Canyon, at least three distinct disconformities are found among the main visible horizontal layers, with a dramatic angular unconformity at the base of these layers.  Davis Young [1] noted that by the mid-1830’s, on the basis of observations like these, geologists had realized that the features of the earth were incompatible with Noah’s global Flood:

As long ago as 1834 the great Christian geologist and ordained minister Adam Sedgwick charged the authors of the “Mosaic Geology” of this day with having committed “the folly and the sin of dogmatizing on matters they have not personally examined, and, at the utmost, know only second-hand – of pretending to teach mankind on points where they themselves are uninstructed.”   And a year later, Christian geologist and theologian Edward Hitchcock wrote that diluvianism “has been abandoned by all practical geologists.”

(By “practical geologists” Hitchcock meant those who actually go out in the field and observe). Young earth creationists sometimes portray the modern scientific consensus for an old earth as a conspiracy to prop up godless Darwinism. However, these quotes show that, well before Darwin, geologists (many of them Christians) had concluded that the earth must be far older than allowed for by a literal reading of Genesis, and that its features have been shaped by millions of years of erosion and deposition, uplift and subsidence.

Believers who feel threatened by this might reflect on what is the purpose of the Scriptures, as taught by Paul in II Tim 3:15-17. The Scriptures were not given to teach us geology or astronomy, but to make us wise for salvation and equipped for good works.

[1] Davis A. Young, “The Discovery of Terrestrial History”, in Portraits of Creation, by H.J. Van Till, R.E. Snow, J. H. Stek, and D.A. Young, Wm. B. Eerdman’s, Grand Rapids (1990).

Appendix: More Details on Hutton’s Unconformity

The lower, now-vertical formation is a mixture of greywacke and shales. Greywacke is typically formed on the edges of continental shelves by periodic sloughing off of accumulated deposits, which slide along the sloping sea floor in “turbidity currents.” Many, many episodes of such slides are represented here, with intervening periods of non-deposition. Shales are laid down slowly, in relatively calm water, from the settling of fine-grained sediments. Thus, this formation was not deposited in a 1-year catastrophic Flood. This whole underlying formation has been metamorphosed through long exposure to heat and pressure.

After the greywacke layer was tilted and raised up and eroded and then re-covered with water, some chunks of it got commingled as a conglomerate with the succeeding layers, as shown here.   Also, eroded fingers of greywhacke in spots protrude up into the overlaying sandstone. This positively demonstrates that the lower, tilted layers had lithified before the deposition of the upper, more horizontal layers. Again, this is incompatible with a young earth.  Stephen Moreton has described in more detail the features of Siccar Point geology which show its great antiquity.

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Favorite 2012 Astronomy Images

Phil Plait at Slate has picked “The Best Astronomy Images of 2012”. He narrowed it down to his favorite 21. They are all good; here I’ve copied my favorite four. See the Slate article for more complete descriptions, and the other 17 images.

Huge Solar Arch – On August 31, 2012, a big arch of material blasted off the Sun’s surface. By “big” we mean 200,000 miles (300,000 km) across, which is 25 times the diameter of the Earth. More such emanations are expected as the Sun’s magnetic cycle peaks in coming months.

Slate_2012_Sun Arch -largeNASA/GSFC/SDO.

Self-Portrait of “Curiosity” Mars Rover

Slate_2012_Mars Rover -large NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems.

Twin Jets From Black Hole Disk – - A large black hole, with 2.5 billion times the mass of the Sun, lies in the heart of galaxy Hercules A.  Nearby material falls into it and gets ripped apart and sucked into the black hole. On its way in, this material forms a superheated disk where some of it expands violently. Various forces focus this expanding material into two jets that shoot out for hundreds of thousands of light years before they slow down and puff into twin lobes of matter.

Slate_2012_Hercules twin jets -largeNASA, ESA, S. Baum and C. O’Dea (RIT), R. Perley and W. Cotton (NRAO/AUI/NSF), and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA).

Deep Field of Galaxies- – This is an image assembled from photos by the Hubble space telescope totaling 23 days of exposure. The target area  (“Hubble Extreme Deep Field”) is a region of the sky that seems to be empty, according to normal observation. But this long exposure by Hubble’s eagle eye detects thousands of objects here. Nearly every object in this shot is actually a galaxy, each containing billions of stars. Extrapolation from this image indicates that there are hundreds of billions of such galaxies in the Universe, most of them billions of light-years away.

Slate_2012_Deep Field 13 Bill yrs -largeNASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team.

As a follow-up, this article  zooms into the photo above, and identifies several galaxies that are around 13 billion years old. For one of these galaxies, estimated at 13.3 billion years old, we are seeing light from something that dates to only about 400 million years after the Big Bang itself.

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U.C. Irvine Physics Professor Describes Impact of Her Faith

My friend Clare Yu is an established physics professor at the University of California, Irvine. Her condensed matter physics interests include glassy and disordered systems, noise, and superconducting Josephson junction qubits. She has also contributed to problems in strongly correlated electrons, quantum magnetism, superconducting vortices, phase transitions, and quantum solids. More recently, she has started working in biological physics areas such as intracellular transport and developmental biology.

U.C. Irvine has instituted a series of talks on the general heading of “What Matters to Me and Why?”. These talks provide a chance for scholars to communicate on a personal level “Choices made, difficulties encountered, commitments grasped and joys revealed.” Clare recently gave one of those talks.

She shares forthrightly about the centrality of her Christian faith to her life, and its impact on her career choices and her research.  Clare notes how her recent bout with breast cancer sparked an interest in applying physics to biology. She speaks clearly, and with a lot of smart-people humor. Her talk lasts about 25 minutes. The audience had lots of questions afterward for her to respond to. Enjoy!

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Engineer’s Wife Healed of Multiple Sclerosis

From 1999 to 2003, Vonna Wala of Waseca, Minnesota, suffered progressively worse symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). She eventually became too debilitated to walk without aid, suffered severe optic nerve pain, and had to close her counseling business.  A diagnosis of MS was confirmed by spinal fluid tests and brain scans. Here is how Wikipedia describes MS:

Multiple sclerosis (MS), also known as “disseminated sclerosis” or “encephalomyelitis disseminata”, is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms. Disease onset usually occurs in young adults, and it is more common in women…MS affects the ability of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord to communicate with each other effectively. Nerve cells communicate by sending electrical signals called action potentials down long fibers called axons, which are contained within an insulating substance called myelin. In MS, the body’s own immune system attacks and damages the myelin. When myelin is lost, the axons can no longer effectively conduct signals. The name multiple sclerosis refers to scars (scleroses—better known as plaques or lesions) particularly in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, which is mainly composed of myelin.….There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments attempt to return function after an attack, prevent new attacks, and prevent disability.

This is nasty stuff.  Vonna’s plight was written up in a local newspaper in June, 2002, so there is no doubt of her prior affliction. Following prayer for healing, the indications of MS suddenly disappeared. Was this a miraculous healing? I’ll let the participants speak below, and you decide.

First, here is Vonna’s version of the story, between the rows of asterisks below:

* ** * *** * ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** ** *** ** * ** ** * ** * *

…After a family vacation in Orlando in December 1999, in which I had to stay and rest at the hotel while the rest of the family was out enjoying Sea World, the second episode occurred.  Severe eye pain and twitching, resulting from an attack on the optic nerve, became the conclusive evidence that I did, indeed, have MS.

The diagnosis, at first, was “relapsing-remitting” MS, which is marked by occasional flare-ups, with mainly symptom-free periods in between.  Soon, however, the MS began an unrelenting attack on my body as the symptoms progressed rapidly over the next three and a half years.  The numbness persisted and worsened. 

Even the tongue became numb, making talking and swallowing difficult.  My left leg suffered “toe drop”, as the muscles failed to respond, causing my left foot to drag as I walked.  I began using a cane, then a leg brace, and eventually a wheelchair.  Fatigue became debilitating; I slept 16 or more hours per day.  Some days I was unable to make myself get up, and others had difficulty waking me.  I became extremely sensitive to heat, and would wear a T-shirt and shorts outdoors in 20° weather. The weakness spread to my arms and hands, and I found it difficult to hold on to objects.  The disease was also affecting my memory and ability to concentrate; cashiers had to repeat the amount for me three times as I attempted to write a check.  Some days were worse than others, but there were no remissions — the disease had become “secondary progressive”, and showed no signs of letting go.

My doctor at the Noran Clinic in Minneapolis started me on weekly, and then daily injections of medication, along with at least ten different oral medications to try to combat the symptoms.  Intravenous steroid treatments were tried, but helped for only a short time, and caused severe side effects.  Finally, running out of options, my neurologist approved me as one of the first patients to try a new chemotherapy treatment.  The chemo made me ill with side effects for about a week, gave me about one week of improvement, then back to the worsening symptoms until the next treatment three months later.  At that point, my doctor said he began to dread seeing my name on the appointment list, because I was one of the five patients he worried about the most, and he had no more answers for me.

By May 2002, three years after the first symptoms, I made the difficult decision to close my counseling practice.  It was the loss of a dream, but there was no way I could physically continue, and have any energy at all left over for my husband and two teenage children.  Shortly thereafter, I was certified as having a “permanent disability,” and was approved for and received an electric wheelchair.  We were forced to put our recently remodeled split-level home up for sale, and to begin looking for a single level house that could be made handicapped accessible.    We found such a house, and moved in October 2002.

The following June, my home church at the time, Waseca Christian Assembly, hosted a series of special meetings with Dr. David Nichols of Heart of the Father Ministries.  On the evening of Sunday, June 8, Dr. Nichols spoke of attitudes that could block God’s ability to bring healing to our lives.  I felt that God had healed me of some deep-seated feelings of resentment over the years, but I asked him to take away any remaining resentment of which I was unaware — including resentment about not being physically healed.  During the service, I somewhat hesitantly went forward to ask God one more time for a healing touch, and allowed Dr. Nichols to pray for me.  I felt God’s presence and peace, but no change physically.  I went home and went to bed.

As I lay in bed that evening around ten o’clock, I was startled by a strange sensation.  MS has done many unusual things to my body, but this was unlike anything I had experienced as part of the MS.  I felt heat enter the left side of my body from the head down to the feet.  It was so unusual, that I told my husband, “I think God is healing me!”   His admitted skepticism was reflected in his subdued reaction.  After about five minutes, the heat subsided, and I fell asleep.

When I got up the next morning, I was stunned to realize that my left leg, which I had been dragging for four years, was suddenly working again.  It was so unexpected, that it took me a while to relearn how to walk with a left leg that worked the way it was supposed to.  Over the next day or two, I came to realize that other symptoms had disappeared as well. The pain, numbness, weakness, fatigue – in fact all the symptoms of my MS – weren’t just improved; they were, for the first time in over three years, completely nonexistent.  

Later that week, I left on a planned vacation to visit my mother and other relatives in the Seattle area.  Not wanting to be presumptuous, I took my wheelchair with me as usual, just in case.  The wheelchair, however, sat unused while I began taking long walks, and visiting until the early hours of the morning without fatigue.  After spending two hours kayaking with my sister, I began to realize the completeness of the healing.

On July 23 I returned to see my neurologist.  His reaction was one of stunned disbelief as, for the first time in the three and a half years he had been seeing me, he saw me walk without a limp.  He repeatedly tested my reflexes, arm and hand strength, and examined my eyes for evidence of the usual optic nerve inflammation,– looking hard for any evidence of MS, and was able to find none.  At one point, he even questioned whether I was a twin sister playing a joke on him.  His jaw dropped as he kept asking me to walk around the room one more time, saying over and over “I can’t believe this.  I’ve never seen anything like this before.  This is incredible.  It’s a miracle.”  Confirming that medical treatment played no role in this healing, he saw no reason why I needed to take one more dose of any of my many MS medications.

Since then, I have seen others strengthened in their faith as they see me doing things I hadn’t been able to do for four years.  A few weeks after being in a wheelchair, I was playing volleyball with the church youth group! 

More than nine years have now passed, and not the slightest trace of any MS symptom has ever returned.  I have a gym membership and work out regularly. After being healed, I was able to resume my counseling practice, and in June 2008, I was approved by the State of Minnesota as a fully licensed Marriage and Family Therapist.

* * ** * * ** * * * **  * ** * ** ** * * ** *

On this blog I normally highlight healings where there is video evidence to examine, or there was credible, indentified professional examination involved. See, for instance, Healing of Nearly-Deaf Boy on YouTube, and Healings on YouTube: Legs Growing Out. However, this story seemed authentic, and was included in a collection of such stories investigated and written up by James L. Garlow and Keith Wall in Miracles Are for Real: What Happens When Heaven Touches Earth. Three details that struck me were the sensation of heat (this frequently is reported in substantive healings), the key role of letting go of resentments, and that it occurred at home some hours after the prayer, rather than in the midst of some emotionally wrought-up meeting.

Another factor that got my attention was the response of Vonna’s husband, Phil. Phil is a solid electrical engineering guy. His website, Faith For Thinkers, displays the geekiest expression of faith I have yet seen:

PhilWala_Maxwell_Eqn_Let_Be_Light

(I believe these are Maxwell’s equations which describe the interactions of electromagnetic phenomena, including light.  Way cool.)

Anyway, the incident with Vonna challenged Phil’s thinking on miracles. Here Phil recaps his wife’s story:

Eight years ago today, on June 8, 2003, I was a witness to an extraordinary event that many people have called a miracle. At about 10pm that evening, my wife Vonna, who had been deemed “permanently disabled” from a highly aggressive and rapidly advancing form of crippling Multiple Sclerosis, felt a sudden surge of heat through her body, a few hours after being prayed for at our church by a so-called “faith healer”. She woke up the next morning to the astounding realization that that the disabling symptoms that had plagued her on a daily basis for the previous four years, were suddenly nonexistent. Today marks eight years since every trace of an incurable and incapacitating disease instantly vanished, never to return.

He then notes:

I’m always skeptical of stories like this. My first inclination is to wonder how much of the story is fabricated, distorted, or just delusional. So how did I handle it when I suddenly had to deal with the evidence on a firsthand basis? Did a skeptical, scientifically-minded person like me have to resort to a “then a miracle occurred …” explanation?   …As objectively and succinctly as I can describe it, we have a victim of a rapidly advancing, incurable, and crippling condition, who is zapped by a faith healer and is instantly, completely, and permanently healed of that incurable condition to the utter bafflement of medical science.  How’s a scientifically-minded skeptic like me supposed to deal with that sort of evidence?

Phil was in a bit of a bind because, as a good theistic evolutionist, he is normally reluctant to immediately say “God did something supernatural” whenever there is some gap in our current understanding of some phenomenon. However, Vonna’s experience pushed Phil towards a more balanced approach. As he writes:

Automatically jumping from “no known mechanism” to “therefore, the mechanism must be this” is the classic “God of the gaps” fallacy (the one the “intelligent design” advocates are always falling into). Of course, a presupposition that just as automatically rejects certain mechanisms is another fallacy — what I would call the “cynical fallacy”. The path between those two extremes, blind faith and blind cynicism, is what I call “healthy skepticism”.

Phil invited questions from his blog’s readers, and offered thoughtful responses to each of them. These questions include (I paraphrase a bit here):

( A ) “How connected do you think the physical miraculous healing is to the internal spiritual health of the person being healed? Does a person’s lack of faith or unconfessed sin block the chance or reduce the likelihood of healing? Or is it all about God choosing to do a miracle for some and not for others?”

Phil’s response: “…The way we have made sense of this goes something like this: First, we have postulated that there is something real out there, which we identify as “God”, that wants to bring healing into our lives, and with which we need to, in some sense, cooperate in order to receive that healing. Second, we recognize that “healing” can include many areas other than our physical bodies. In Vonna’s case, the years of dealing with family issues was definitely a long, slow healing process. Finally, it would seem that we don’t get to prioritize which area of healing we want first. In Vonna’s case, it seemed that after closure on the family issues, physical healing was, for whatever reason, next on the list. But the list for other people might be prioritized completely differently, and physical healing may not even appear on the list, other than in the form of a new body in another life….”

( B ) “In reports of miraculous healing, I’ve always found it easier (more probable?) to believe that the initial diagnosis was wrong than that the recovery was a miracle of the “zap — you’re healed” variety. Perhaps the book goes into sufficient detail to cut off this objection in your wife’s case, but since I haven’t read it yet I’ll proceed.”

In response, Phil recounts the many indicative symptoms of MS that Vonna had. Besides the progressive disabilities, “…The numbness and deterioration of neurological pathways was confirmed with nerve response tests, and a spinal tap detected markers characteristic of MS…Optic nerve inflammation caused severe eye pain and double vision. This inflammation was observable by eye exam, and confirmed by eye doctors… MRIs of the brain showed evidence of lesions, and Vonna was referred to a neuropsychologist who conducted tests that confirmed the loss of cognitive function….Could it have been a misdiagnosis? The level of medical care, number of tests performed, and symptomatic history seem to make that unlikely. But I’ll let the reader decide.”

( C ) “Why doesn’t God seem to heal people as much in this country as He does in other lands, as reported back by missionaries? Do we lack the required child-like faith?”

I thought Phil’s response here was particularly insightful: “Rather than miracles being a reward for child-like faith of believers, it may have more to do with whether the miracle would serve a higher purpose as a sign to non-believers. Hence, miracles would be more prevalent in cultures where the pre-existing belief system of the local populace would be more likely to ascribe divine origin to the miracle. In western cultures that take pride in their intellectualism, the pre-existing belief system tends to discount divine explanations, so miracles may not be the most effective tool for God to use.”

( D ) “Why do you think the healing wasn’t instantaneous, but rather took several hours to take effect?”

Phil’s response included:

…Whatever the reason for the delay, the effect it had was that for me was that it made the “hysteria of the moment” explanation highly unlikely. Lying in bed, still feeling the symptoms of MS, and resigned to the assumption that this was she was not going to be healed, would be the least opportune set of circumstances for her to conjure up some sort of self-healing power of the mind. The heat she felt at that moment came as a surprise. While I can’t speak for God, some of the things I could imagine him communicating through that timing include:

1) This isn’t about you. You aren’t making this happen.

2) This isn’t about the person who prayed for you. It’s to draw your attention to ME, not to him.

3) I waited until you were alone, so you could enjoy this moment without distraction, and so you could know this is a special gift of love from me to you.

******* FOR FIRST-TIME VISITORS TO THIS BLOG *********

Various posts are listed on the right hand side of the main window. Longer essays or letters (e.g. STAN 3) dealing mainly with science/faith issues are accessed by clicking the tabs at the top of the page. Skim the README page to get an overview of what is in these letters.

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Do ENCODE Human Genome Results Support Intelligent Design?

I looked into this question, and wrote up an essay with my findings.  This essay got longer and longer, as I added a tutorial (for readers who are not biologists) on the human genome, and included some global musings on the Intelligent Design effort. The full essay is posted at the top of this blog window as Junk_DNA_Design, or just click here.

Below is the Summary of this essay:

*** ****************************************************************

The researchers of ENCODE Project, the successor to the Human Genome Project, have been working to identify regions of functionality throughout the human DNA.  Medical benefits are expected from this increased understanding.  The ENCODE results to date were released in early September in the coordinated publication of 30 academic papers, accompanied by news conferences and press releases. ENCODE spokesmen claimed they had found “biochemical functionality” in some 80% of the genome; this was presented  as a shocking discovery which overturned the alleged consensus that nearly all DNA (outside of the 1-2% that was known to code for proteins) was functionless “junk.” Intelligent Design proponents immediately hailed these results as support for design, and as evidence for the failure of “Darwinism”.

The reality is:

(1) The type of “biochemical functionality” used here for the 80% figure does not at all translate to having any real effect on the organism.  ENCODE researchers did identify some regions of genuine genetic functionality, but these amounted to only 8% of the genome, not 80%.

(2) The term “junk DNA” has been thrown around a lot, but with widely differing shades of meaning. This can cause confusion. Genetics researchers have been aware for decades of the functionality of non-coding DNA. The reason that the huge ENCODE project was conceived and funded was because everyone already believed that there was lots of function there to be discovered. So it was no surprise when they found the function that they were looking for.

(3) No one can tell in advance which DNA an inscrutable Intelligent Designer would choose to place into a genome, so no scientific finding here can ever count for or against Intelligent Design.  The naturalistic alternative (that the human genome developed from earlier primates) fits the physical evidence just fine.

Below we cover in some detail the facts of the human genome and of the ENCODE accomplishments, the hype from ENCODE spokesmen, and the spin by Intelligent Design proponents.  By not thinking carefully about its presuppositions, the Intelligent Design movement has condemned itself to a fruitless and (in practice) deceitful policy of trying to undermine evolution. We suggest an alternative approach which engages the valid concerns of believers in Intelligent Design, while stepping away from the god-of-the-gaps abyss.

****************************************************************

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